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Stone line
A stone line (see also Stonelayer) is a three-dimensional subsurface layer, or ‘carpet,’ of stones evident as a ‘line of stones’ in natural exposures such as soils, road cuts, and trenches.〔Sharpe, C.F.S. 1938. Landslides and related phenomena. New York, Columbia University Press, 137 p.〕 Stone lines that are more than one stone thick have been called ‘stone zones’.〔Johnson, D.L. 1989. Subsurface stone lines, stone zones, artifact-manuport layers, and biomantles produced by bioturbation via pocket gophers (Thomomys bottae). American Antiquity 54: 292-326.〕 Stone lines and stone zones are known to occur in soils, paleosols (buried soils), and in non-soil geologic-stratigraphic sequences. Where present in stratigraphic sequences, if the units were deposited by running water, the stones are usually imbricated (individual stones are lapped, or leaning, upon one another in the direction of water flow). This is strong evidence that such stone lines are geogenic. On the other hand, a stone line that is present in a soil or a paleosol is invariable non-imbricated and follows (mimics) the surface topography of the soil, or the paleosurface of a paleosol. This is strong evidence that such stone lines are pedogenic, and produced by soil forming processes. As it turns out, experience has shown that most stone lines are indeed associated with soils and paleosols, and most are consequently assumed to be pedogenic. How stone lines form, whether geogenically by geologic processes 〔Parizek, E.J. and J.F. Woodruff. 1957. Description and origin of stone layers in soils of the southeastern states. Journal of Geology 65: 24-34.〕〔Ruhe, R.V. 1959. Stone lines in soils. Soil Science 84: 223-231.〕〔Iriondo, M. and D.M. Kröhling. 1997. The tropical loess. Proceedings 30th International Geological Congress 21: 61-77, Beijing.〕 or pedogenically by soil forming processes 〔Paton, T.R., G.S. Humphreys, and P.B. Mitchell, P.B. 1995. Soils, a new global view. New Haven and London: Yale Univ. Press.〕〔Schaetzl, R.J. and S. Anderson. 2005. Soils -- Genesis and Geomorphology. Cambridge U. Press, U.K.〕〔Morrás H, Moretti L, Pícolo G, Zech W (2009) Genesis of subtropical soils with stony horizons in NE Argentina: autochthony and polygenesis. Quaternary International 196, 137-159.〕 is invariably a matter of interpretation (see Soil Biomantle).〔Johnson, D.L. 1988. A genetic classification of stone lines and stone zones in soils. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 20, pp. 284 285.〕 And whether the interpretation is geogenic or pedogenic often reflects the background and training of the interpreter.
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